Journal: Cell Reports Medicine

Article Title: Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 alleviates Alzheimer’s disease in mice through OmpA-containing outer membrane vesicles

doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102781

Figure Lengend Snippet: EcN OMVs improve neuronal function in APP/PS1 mice (A) Representative NeuN immunostaining in the hippocampus of EcN OMV-treated and control APP/PS1 mice. Scale bar, 200 μm. (B) Relative NeuN + area in CA1 (left) and CA3 (right) of hippocampus ( n = 10). (C) Representative TUNEL staining images in the hippocampus. Scale bar, 50 μm. (D) The percentage of TUNEL + cells in the hippocampus ( n = 10). (E) Representative SYP and PSD-95 co-immunostaining in the CA3 region of hippocampus. Scale bar, 100 μm. (F) Quantification of the relative intensity of PSD-95 (left) and SYP (right) ( n = 10). (G) Representative high-magnification confocal images of SYP and PSD-95 co-immunostaining in the CA3 region of hippocampus. Scale bar, 5 μm. (H) Quantification of the number of colocalized puncta of SYP and PSD-95 ( n = 10). (I) Imaris-based 3D reconstruction analysis of IBA1/PSD-95 co-staining in the CA3 region of hippocampus. Scale bar, 10 μm. (J) Quantification of the number of PSD-95 + puncta (top) and the percentage of PSD-95 + volume (bottom) inside IBA1 + microglia ( n = 5). (K) Representative images of the dendritic spine in the hippocampus. (L) Summarized spine numbers per 10 μm ( n = 4–5). (M) Schematic diagram indicating the general experimental setup of LTP measurement. (N and O) Field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) amplitude recordings over time (N), and the average of the fEPSP amplitude recordings (O) after LTP induction in CA3 mossy fiber synapses ( n = 8). The graphs are shown as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by two-tailed Student’s t test. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001. All points show biological replicates.

Article Snippet: Scale bar, 5 μm. (H) Quantification of the number of colocalized puncta of SYP and PSD-95 ( n = 10). (I) Imaris-based 3D reconstruction analysis of IBA1/PSD-95 co-staining in the CA3 region of hippocampus.

Techniques: Immunostaining, Control, TUNEL Assay, Staining, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Cell Reports Medicine

Article Title: Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 alleviates Alzheimer’s disease in mice through OmpA-containing outer membrane vesicles

doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102781

Figure Lengend Snippet: EcN OMVs regulate immune network in APP/PS1 mice (A) Representative images of GFAP and IBA1 staining in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus. Scale bar, 50 μm. (B) Quantification of the number of neuron-colocalized microglia (left) and astrocyte (right) ( n = 10). (C) Representative images of GFAP and IBA1 staining in the CA3 region of hippocampus. Scale bar, 100 μm. (D) The percentage of colocalized GFAP + and IBA1 + area in the CA3 region of hippocampus ( n = 10). (E) Imaris-based 3D reconstruction of the interaction between astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampus. Scale bar, 20 μm. (F) Representative images of IBA1 and CD31 staining in the hippocampus. Scale bar, 50 μm. (G) Average distance of microglia to the closest blood vessel in the hippocampus ( n = 10). (H) Representative images of IBA1 and 6E10 staining in the hippocampus. Scale bar, 200 μm. (I) Quantification the number of IBA1 + microglia in the hippocampus ( n = 10). (J) Representative images of IBA1 and Ki67 staining in the hippocampus. Scale bar, 50 μm. (K) The percentage of IBA1 + Ki67 + microglial cells in the hippocampus ( n = 10). (L) Representative images of IBA1 and CD68 staining in the hippocampus. Scale bar, 50 μm. (M) The percentage of IBA1 + CD68 + colocalized area in the hippocampus ( n = 10). (N) Imaris-based 3D morphometric reconstruction analysis of IBA1 + microglia in the CA3 region of hippocampus. Scale bar, 10 μm. (O) Imaris-based quantification of cell morphology of IBA1 + microglia in the CA3 region of hippocampus ( n = 10). (P) Representative images of IBA1 and 6E10 staining in the hippocampus. Scale bar, 20 μm. (Q) Quantification of the percentage of overlay area of microglia and large Aβ plaque (>600 μm) ( n = 10). (R) Representative images of GFAP staining in the hippocampus. Scale bar, 200 μm. (S) Quantification the number of GFAP + astrocyte in the hippocampus ( n = 5). (T) Representative images of GFAP and CD68 staining in the hippocampus. Scale bar, 50 μm. (U) The percentage of GFAP + CD68 + colocalized area in the hippocampus ( n = 5). (V) Imaris-based 3D morphometric reconstruction analysis of GFAP + astrocyte in CA3 region of hippocampus. Scale bar, 10 μm. (W) Imaris-based quantification of cell morphology of GFAP + astrocyte in the CA3 region of hippocampus ( n = 5). (X) Representative images of GFAP and CD31 staining in the hippocampus. Scale bar, 20 μm. (Y) Imaris-based 3D reconstruction of the interaction between astrocytes and blood vessels in the hippocampus. Scale bars, 20 μm. (Z) The percentage of GFAP + CD31 + colocalized area in the hippocampus ( n = 5). The graphs are shown as the mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by two-tailed Student’s t test. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01. All points show biological replicates.

Article Snippet: Scale bar, 5 μm. (H) Quantification of the number of colocalized puncta of SYP and PSD-95 ( n = 10). (I) Imaris-based 3D reconstruction analysis of IBA1/PSD-95 co-staining in the CA3 region of hippocampus.

Techniques: Staining, Two Tailed Test